Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric
Editors: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.
held on April 8-9, 1980 at CPCRI, Regional Station in Calicut (India), published by Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), Kasaragod, Kerala, 1982
table of contents
Author(s): Venkataraman, A.
Title: Problems and prospects in ginger and turmeric production
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 5-9.
Author(s): Nair, M.K.; Nambiar, M.C.; Ratnambal, M.J.
Title: Cytogenetics and crop improvement of ginger and turmeric
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 15-23.
Abstract:
The status of cytogenetics and crop improvement for ginger and turmeric is summarized.
Author(s): Nybe, E.V.; Sivaraman Nair, P.C.; Mohanakumaran, N.
Title: Assessment of yield and quality components in ginger
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 24-29.
Abstract:
Twenty five cultivars were evaluated for their yield of fresh rhizome, drying percentage, oleoresin, oil and crude fibre contents. There was significant yield difference among the cultivars. Cultivar Nadia gave the highest yield of fresh rhizomes as well as dry ginger (28,554 and 6,433 kg/ha respectively). Highly significant differences in oleoresin and oil percentage were also observed among the cultivars. Cultivar Rio-de-Janeiro contained the maximum oleoresin (10.5 %) and was almost on par with Maran.
Author(s): Ratnambal, M.J.; Balakrishnan, R.; Nair, M.K.
Title: Multiple regression analysis of cultivars of Zingiber officinale Rosc.
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 30-33.
Abstract:
The linear relationship between the morphological characters like height of pseudostem, number of leaves and the breadth and length of last fully opened leaf and yield was studied in 23 cultivars of ginger by multiple regression technique. Based on the morphological characters, the final yield could be predicted fairly accurately with an R2 of 73 %. The partitioning of phenotypic correlation between yield and the morphological characters into direct and indirect effects by the method of path coefficient analysis revealed that the character plant height exhibited a high direct effect as well as high indirect effect in the establishment of correlation between yield and other morphological characters.
Author(s): Metha, K.G.; Patel, R.H.
Title: Phenotypic stability for yield in turmeric
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 34-38.
Abstract:
Adaptability of some promising cultivars of turmeric under the fluctuating environmental conditons of South Gujarat was studied over a period of five years from 1972 onwards. Genotypes (g), environments (e), and g x e interaction components were found to be signifiant based on phenotypic stability analysis. Among the eleven cultivars, the highest mean field of rhizome/ha was obtained in Kesar (108.6 q/ha) showing a stability parameter (bi) value of greater than unity. It is concluded that cultivars, Kesar, T.R. and Jugijan have given higher mean values than the average, with bi value greater than unity indicating that these cultivars will be able to perform well under better management conditions. The cultivar Mydukur with slightly better mean than the average with the bi value less than unity indicate that this cultivar could perform well under average management conditions.
Author(s): Shetty, M.S.K.; Haridasan, P.; Iyer, R.D
Title: Tissue culture studies in turmeric
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 39-41.
Abstract:
Single sprouting buds of turmeric clone 15B were cultured on a modified Murashige and Skoog's medium containing sucrose (40 g/l), kinetin (0.2 to 0.5 mg/l), adjusted to pH 5.6 and gelled with 7 g/l of agar agar. On subsequent transfer to the medium of same composition, these individual plants developed a marked swelling at the base. During the second month of culture, 5 to 25 shoots were produced from a single explant. At the point of swelling, a soft, translucent callus was produced. The callus could easily be separated from the developing plant. When subcultured and exposed to light, the callus grew further, simultaneously producing several buds that turned green and later developed into plantlets. The rate of multiplication was high and could be used for initial multiplication of the promising clones.
Author(s): Philip, J.; Nair, P.C.I.; Nybe, E.V.; Mohankumar, M.
Title: Variation of yield and quality of turmeric cultivars
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 42-46.
Abstract:
Nineteen turmeric cultivars were evaluated in a replicated trial during 1977-78, and among these, sixteen were selected for the second year trial during 1978-79. Highly significant variations among the cultivats were observed for yield of fresh turmeric, curing percentage and oleoresin and curcumin contents. Mannuthy Local was the best among the cultivars, with respect to yield of rhizome, curcumin and oleoresin. Harvesting of turmeric after 270 days of planting gave maximum yield of rhizome, oleoresin and curcumin per unit area.
Author(s): Sreekumar, V.; Indrasenan, G.; Mammen, M.K.
Title: Studies on the quantitative and qualitative attributes of ginger cultivars
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 47-49.
Abstract:
Yield and quality characteristics of 30 ginger cultivars were evaluated. The results indicated that cultivars Thingpuri, Rio-de-Janeiro and China were suitable for production of fresh ginger and Tura, Nadia and Maran suitable for dry ginger. For extraction of oleoresin, Rio-de-Janeiro, Thingpuri, Wynad Local, Mananthody and Kuruppampadi are found to be better.
Author(s): Thomas, T.A.
Title: Genetic resources of ginger in India
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 50-54.
Abstract:
An all India survey for collection of ginger germplasm was initiated by the National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) during 1976-77, in collaboration with Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI) and Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University. Five hundred and eighty four collections made, are being maintained at Solan (Himachal Pradesh), Peruvannamuzhi and Vellanikkara (Kerala). Based on the survey, major ginger growing areas in the country have been identified. A brief description of some of the important accessions now available at NBPGR is given.
Author(s): Muralidharan, V.K.; Velayudhan, K.C.; Thomas, T.A.
Title: Preliminary studies on the germplasm collection of Curcuma
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 55-57.
Abstract:
A collection of 221 accessions of Curcuma Ionga and related species was undertaken by the National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) in collaboration with the Central Plantation Crop Research Institute (CPCRI) and Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University during 1976-77. Based on the preliminary classification of these accessions grown at NBPGR Regional Station, Vellanikkara, two types of Curcuma angustifolia, four types of Curcuma amada, 96 types of Curcuma longa and 41 types of Curcuma aromatica have been identified. Among the remaining 78 accessions, 56 have been grouped into 7 categories and 22 could not be categorised into any group.
Author(s): Nair, P.C.S.
Title: Agronomy of ginger and turmeric
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 63-68.
Author(s): Satheesan, K.V.; Ramadasan, A.
Title: Growth and productivity of turmeric grown as a pure and as an intercrop in coconut gardens
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 69-75.
Abstract:
Relative performance of turmeric (selection No. 24) raised as an intercrop in coconut garden and as a pure crop was assessed during 1977-78 cropping season. The leaf area deveIopment and crop growth rate (CGR) reached their rnaximum much earlier in the pure crop than in the intercrop. This difference in the growth rate during the initial period of rhizome development was reflected in the significant difference observed in the final yield of the intercrop (4.8 t/ha) and pure crop (7.0 t/ha). The yield superiority observed in the pure crop is attributed to the higher CCR during tuberisation and higher solar energy input under open condition during this period.
Author(s): Metha, K.G.; Raghava Rao, D.V.
Title: Relative curcumin content during various growth stages in the leaves and rhizomes of three cultivars of Curcuma longa and Curcuma amada
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 76-78.
Abstract:
Curcumin content in leaves and rhizomes of three cultivars of Curcuma longa and one type of Curcuma amada (mango ginger) was estimated during various stages of growth, starting from 100th day of planting upto final harvest. Curcumin of leaf decreased and that of rhizome increased with increased maturity. The pattem of distribution of dry matter in leaves and rhizomes at different growth stages and their relationships with rhizome yield have been explained.
Author(s): Umrai, N.K.; Patil, R.B.; Pawar, H.K.
Title: Effect of planting materials and transplanting on yield of turmeric cultivar Tekurpeta
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 79-82.
Abstract:
A field experiment to study the effects of planting materials and transplanting of seedlings of different age on yield of turmeric cultivar Tekurpeta was conducted. Planting of whole mother rhizome in situ was found to be the best for high yield. Transplanting 30 days old sprouts from whole mother rhizome was also found to be equally beneficial.
Author(s): Rajput, S.G.; Patil, V.K.; Warke, D.C.; Ballal, A.L.; Gunjkar, S.N.
Title: Effect of nitrogen and spacing on the yield of turmeric rhizomes
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 83-85.
Abstract:
A field experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three spacings (30 x 45 cm; 45 x 45 cm and 45 x 60 cm) and three levels of nitrogen (50, 100 and 150 kg/ha) to standardise the the spacing and nitrogen requirement of turmeric crop. The trial was conducted for three consecutive years from 1976. Analysis of pooled data for three years indicated that in turmeric the yield decreased with increase in spacing and 30 x 45 cm spacing gave significantly higher yield. The optimum nitrogen requirement was found to be 100 kg/ha.
Author(s): Nair, G.S.; Das, R.C.
Title: Effect of foliar application of urea and Planofix (NAA) on the oleoresin and fibre contents of ginger
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 86-89.
Abstract:
The influence of nitrogen and Planofix (NAA) on oleoresin and crude fibre contents of five ginger cultivars has been assessed. Oleoresin content was significantly higher in all the rhizome samples harvested from plots treated with urea alone and Urea+PIanofix. Cultivar Rio-de- Janeiro had maximum oleoresin content followed by China and Maran. Application of urea or Planofix did not affect the crude fibre content of ginger cultivars.
Author(s): Umrani, N.K.; Patil, R.B.; Pawar, H.K.
Title: Studies on time of harvesting turmeric
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 90-92.
Abstract:
Turmeric cultivar Tekurpeta was raised in ridge and furrow system under irrigation for three years from 1976 in a replicated trial. The crop was harvested at 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9 and 10 months after planting. Harvesting the crop at 6.5 months gave the lowest yield and maximum yield was obtained between 8 and 8.5 months after planting. A quadratic equation fitted to the pooled data showed 8.5 months as optimum period for maximisation of yield.
Author(s): Jayachandran, B.K.; Sethumadhavan, P.; Vijayagopal, P.D.
Title: Preliminary trials on recovering mother rhizome (seed rhizome) in ginger after establishment of the crop
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 93-95.
Abstract:
A field trial with the ginger cultivar Rio-de-Janeiro was undertaken at Vellayani, during 1978 to explore the possibility of recovering the maximum quantity of mother rhizome from the established ginger plants, without adversely affecting final yield. The results showed that the mother rhizome can be separated three months after planting without adversely affecting further growth of the plant and the separated mother rhizome could be marketed during the off-season.
Author(s): Nair, M.R.G.K.
Title: Pests of ginger and turmeric
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 101-103.
Author(s): Joshi, L.K.; Sharma, N.D.
Title: Diseases of ginger and turmeric
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 104-119.
Author(s): Sharma, S.L.; Dohroo, N.P.
Title: Efficacy of chemicals in controlling rhizome rot of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.)
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 120-122.
Abstract:
Seed dip in 0.2 % solution of either Dithane M-45 or Daconil was effective in controlling the rhizome rot as well as in increasing yield in the field. However, seed dip before storing, in 0.1 % Emisan-6, 0.3 % Blitox 50, 0.1 % mercuric chloride, 0.2 % Dithane M-45 or 0.2 % Daconil were effective in controlling the storage rot.
Author(s): Brahma, R.N.; Nambiar, K.K.N.
Title: Survival of Phyllosticta zingiberi Ramakr., causal agent of leaf spot disease of ginger
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 123-125.
Abstract:
The pycnidiospores of Phyllosticta zingiberi remained viable for about 14 months in leaf debris. The viability of pathogen decreased with increase in depth of soil with time. The results clearly indicate that the disease is seed-borne. Seed rhizomes and pathogen surviving in the infected gardens can form primary source of inoculum for fresh infection.
Author(s): Premanathan, T.; Peethambaran, C.K.; Cheeran, A.
Title: Screening of ginger cultivars against Phyllosticta leaf spot
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 126-127.
Abstract:
Twenty two cultivars of ginger were tested for their resistance to Phyllosticta leaf spot. The intensity of the disease was scored at weekly intervals using a nine point scale. None of the cultivars were immune, while Maran and Karakkal were comparatively resistant. Cultivars Wynad-Kunnamangalam, Wynad-Mananthody, Arippa, Narasapttom. Thingpuri, Burdwan, Vengara, Tura, Wynad-Local, Jugijan, Ernad-Chernnad and Taiwan were highly susceptible.
Author(s): Premkumar, T.; Sarma, Y.R.; Gautam, S.S.S.
Title: Association of dipteran maggots in rhizome rot of ginger
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 128-130.
Abstract:
A constant association of two dipteran maggots, Eumerus sp. and Mimegralla sp. was noticed with Pythium infected rhizomes and occasionally with the bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum) affected rhizomes also. Positive Pythium isolations were obtained in 1.02 % of maggots af MimegraIla sp. collected from the field. From infected rhizomes, 42 % showed Pythium alone and 58 % showed Pythium and maggots and never maggots alone. Both the species were capable of subterranean movement. A crude ginger extract had an attractant effect on the maggots.
Author(s): Jacob, S.A.
Title: Biology and bionomics of ginger and turmeric scale Aspidiotus hartii Green
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 131-132.
Abstract:
A brief description of morphology and biology of Aspidiotus hartii, an important pest of turmeric in the field and under storage is given. Due to the infestation by the scale, plants look pale and ultimately dry up. Two hymenopteran parasites, Physcus sp. and Adelencyrtus moderatus were found to attack Aspidiotus hartii.
Author(s): Charles, J.S.; Kuriyan, K.J.
Title: Relative susceptibility of ginger cultivars to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 133-134.
Abstract:
Twenty cultivars of ginger were screened to determine their relative susceptibility to root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. The cultivars Uttar Pradesh, Burdwan and Thodupuzha were comparatively more susceptible as indicated by their high root-knot index and gall number whereas cultivars Valluvanad, Tura and Himachal Pradesh showed least root-knot index and gall number.
Author(s): Venkitesan, T.S.; Charles, J.S.
Title: Plant parasitic nematodes associated with turmeric in Kerala and the nature of infection by Meliodogyne sp.
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 135-137.
Abstract:
The surrey for the plant parasitic nematodes associated with turmeric showed that the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne sp. was the most predominent one which was present in 31 out of the 33 locations surveyed. The other plant parasitic nemtodes observed were Rotylenchulus (15 locations), Helicotylenchus (8 locations), Hoplolaimus and Tylenchorhynchus (5 locations), Radopholus (4 locations), Pratylenchus (3 locations), Caloosia and Tylenchus (2 locations each) and Aphelenchus (1 location). The root-knot nematode infection on the roots were confined to the fleshy lateral room. The cross section of an infected root portion revealed feeding by the nematodes in the xylem areas with well developed egg masses attached to their posterior region. The infected root portion on dissecting out, brought forth the different developmental stages of the nematode.
Author(s): Natarajan, C.P.; Lewis, Y.S.
Title: Technology of ginger and turmeric
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 143-146.
Title: Flavour quality of ginger
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 147-166.
Author(s): Gopal Saran Shukla
Title: Quality control on ginger and turmeric
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 167-175.
Author(s): Narayanan, C.S.; Rajaraman, K.; Sankarikutty, B.; Sumathikutty, M.A.; Mathew, A.G.
Title: The colouring priciple of turmeric
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 176-181.
Abstract:
Curcumin is the principal colouring constituent which imparts the characteristic yellow colour to turmeric. This has the molecular formula C21H20O6 and can be isolated as an orange yellow crystalline powder having a melting point of 180-183 °C. The methods used in the isolation and estimation are reviewed. The curcumin content varied from 1.8 - 5.4 % in the cultivars studied. Curcumin has got an inhibitory effect on certain microorganisms and is an ideal therapeutic agent in conditions of suspected staphylococcal infections.
Author(s): Sankarikutty, B.; Narayanan, C.S.; Mathew, A.G.
Title: Improvements in the determination of solvent residues in turmeric oleoresin
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 182-184.
Abstract:
The traces of solvent residues in spice oleoresin are determined generally by following the gas chromatographic method of Todd. This method requires 60 g of oleoresin, benzene-free toluene, 40 ml ol the distillate from the spice oleoresin for injection, magnetic stirrer, thermal conductivity detector and Helium gas as carrier. This paper describes the modification and improvement of this method using smaller quantities of oleoresin (5 g) and flame ionisation detector.
Author(s): Sankarikutty, B.; Narayanan, C.S.; Mathew, A.G.
Title: Chemical aspects pertaining to quality of ginger oil and oleoresin
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 185-193.
Abstract:
The essential oil content of ginger reported from different countries varied from 0.8 - 4.4 %. The Indian commercial varieties usually give oil between the range 0.5-2.5 %. The oil is distilled from dry ginger, and the aroma of the oil depends on the volatile constituents present, the most important of them being a- and b-zingiberene, ar-curcumene, farnesene and sesquiterpene alcohols. In addition, the oil also contains various low-boiling monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Oleoresin contributes to the pungency of ginger. The oleoresin contains gingerol, the main pungent principle of ginger. In addition, it also contains a pungent pale yellow oil, (6)-paradol and another pungent principle, shogaol. Methods for the extraction and estimation of oleoresins are discussed.
Author(s): Damayanthi, K.S.; Radha, R.; Kalyanarman, V.
Title: Volatile oil and oleoresin from fresh ginger
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 194-197.
Abstract:
The extraction and yield of ginger oil and oleoresin from fresh and dry ginger samples were compared. Dry ginger gave 2.6 ml volatile oil per 100 g equivalent to 0.2 - 0.25 % on fresh weight basis. The oleoresin from fresh ginger gave a volatile oil yield of 30 ml/100 g. It appears economical to obtain volatile oil from fresh ginger oleoresin as compared to direct extraction by steam distillation of fresh rhizomes. The yield of oleoresin from fresh ginger was around 0.5 - 0.6 %, compared to 6 - 7 % from dry ginger. Hexane was found to be the most suitable solvent for extracting oleoresin. The aroma of fresh ginger oleoresin was superior to that of the oleoresin from dry ginger.
Author(s): Philip, J.; Sethumadhavan, P.
Title: Curing of turmeric
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 198-201.
Abstract:
A short review on the curing process of turmeric is given. Curing of turmeric consists of boiling, drying, polishing and colouring. The salient features of these steps are mentioned.
Author(s): George, C.K.; Velappan, E.
Title: Production and development of ginger and turmeric in India
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 207-212.
Author(s): Sriramarao, T.
Title: Commercial varieties of turmeric in Andhra Pradesh
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 213-215.
Abstract:
Cultivation of turmeric in Andhra Pradesh is concentrated in the regions of Duggirala, Cuddapah, Nizamabad, Godavari Delta and Agency Tracts. Short descriptive notes on commercial varieties like Duggirala, Cuddapah, Kodur, Tekurpet, Kasturi, Chaya Pasupa, Erode and Armoor are furnished. Six clones recommended by the Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University for large scale cultivation have been described.
Author(s): Mohanthy, D.C.; Sarma, Y.N.
Title: Research programmes of turmeric and ginger for the tribal areas of Orissa
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 216-217.
Abstract:
In Orissa, growing of ginger and turmeric is confined to tribal regions of Koraput, Kalahandi and Phulbani districts. Based on adaptive trials eight types each of ginger and turmeric suitable for the tribal area have been selected. The problems facing ginger and turmeric cultivators in the tribal areas are mentioned.
Author(s): Vasantha Kumar, G.K.
Title: Problems and prospects of ginger and turmeric cultivation in Karnataka
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 218-219.
Abstract:
In Kamataka, ginger and turmeric occupy only about 1,800 and 1,300 ha, respectively with estimated annual production of 3,625 tonnes of ginger and 5,200 tonnes of turmeric. The crops are grown mainly in well drained soils of coastal and Malnad areas, as a pure or mixed crop. Soft rot is a major problem in ill-drained soils. Improvements in production and processing methods and marketing require immediate attention.
Author(s): Karapurkar, H.Y.
Title: Scope of ginger and turmeric cultivation in Goa
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 220-221.
Abstract:
Cultivation of turmeric is more popular than that of ginger in Goa and the average yield reported is 16-20 tonnes/ha. Nonavailability of quality seed materials, lack of curing know-how and marketing facilities are some of the bottlenecks. Incentives like supply of seed materials, field demonstratiom, etc. may help to boost up the ginger cultivation in the territory.
Author(s): Venkateswara Rao, C.
Title: Problems and prospects of cultivation and marketing of turmeric in Andhra Pradesh
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 222-223.
Abstract:
In Andhra Pradesh, turmeric is grown in 22,000 ha with annual production of about 60,000 tonnes. Guntur, Nizamabad and Cuddapah districs are the major centres of turmeric production. Important commercial varieties are Duggirala, Armoor and Tekurpeta. Rhizome rot disease is most prevalent in Nizamabad and leaf spot in Cuddapah. An organisation to fix the floor price of turmeric and to purchase it at competitive prices from the growers has been suggested.
Author(s): Singh, K.
Title: Cultivation of ginger and turmeric in Meghalaya
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 224-226.
Abstract:
In Meghalaya the ginger and turmeric crops are mainly rainfed. In areas like Khasi hills, the farmers recover the seed rhizomes planted, once the plants get established. The problems facing turmeric and ginger cultivation are the diseases, soft rot and leaf rot, the pest, shoot borer, storage and marketing.
Author(s): Sirohi, B.S.
Title: Ginger cultivation in Himachal Pradesh and problems of marketing
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 227-228.
Abstract:
In Himachal Pradesh, ginger cultivation is mainly concentrated in the districts of Sirmur, Solan and Simla. The bulk of the produce is marketed as raw ginger. The development of fibre even in less fibrous types is a problem in some areas. Drying and marketing of the produce during the harvesting season presents problems to farmers.
Author(s): Devakaran, D.; Balaraman Nair, M.
Title: India's export trade in ginger and turmeric
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 233-241.
Author(s): Lakshmanachar, M.S.
Title: Marketing of ginger and turmeric in India
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 242-247.
Author(s): Sikka, R.K.; Lakshmanachar, M.S.; George, C.K.
Title: Price fall in turmeric
In: Nair, M.K.; Premkumar, T.; Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. Kasaragod, Kerala, India: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), 1982, p. 248-250.
Abstract:
A survey was undertaken in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu to study the causes that led to the steep decline in turmeric price levels. Increase in production during 1978-80, combined with the inelasticity of external and internal market demands led to the decline in turmeric prices. Release of the old stock worsened the situation The farmers’ returns were further dwindled by the unhealthy influence of the commission agents and the inability of the farmers to store their produce for better returns. In order to stabilise the turmeric prices, it is essential to bring in regulations in its marketing, such as declaration of minimum support price, formation of regulated markets in producing centres, strengthening of cooperative marketing in turmeric areas, etc.
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