Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric
Editors: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.
held on January 11-12, 1988 in Hyderabad (India), organised by Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University
table of contents
Author(s): Sriramachandra Murthy, N.
Title: Chillies in India
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 1-5.
Abstract:
Area, production and productivity of chillies at national level from 1976-77 to 1985-86 along with interstate analysis of a five-year span (1981-82 to 1985-86) have been examined and obvious generalization's conforming to wide fluctuations in area, production and productivity have been drawn. Wide ranging implications of following a given set of agronomic practices in improving the production and productivity levels of different varieties of chillies which have immense export potential have been put forth.
Author(s): Rajput, J.C.; Palve, S.B.; Patil, B.P.; Salvi, M.J.
Title: Recent research on chillies in Konkan region of Maharashtra
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 6-12.
Abstract:
Studies on initial evaluation of 97 genotypes revealed that Sel-2 from NP 46-A, Panvel local and LEC 6-2 were found to be superior for green chilli yield. Newly developed genotype, DPL-C1 has also been found promising for green as well as red chillies. Agronomic investigations have showed that application of nutrient starter constituting urea + single super phosphate + muriate of potash in 2:1:1 proportion proved effective in increasing yield of variety DPL-C1 chilli. Studies on use of plant growth regulators and fertilizers indicated that application of 60 ppm Planofix and 180 kg N + 30 kg P205 was beneficial for increasing yield of green chillies. Of the 34 cultivars screened against leaf curl complex, none of the varieties were found to be resistant. However, Mutant-3, Musalwadi local, Pant-C1 and DPL-C1 turned out to be moderately resistant. Field experiments on chemical control of leaf curl complex showed that treatment with Phorate 10 G (25 kg a.i./h a) + 0.03 % Dimethoate (30 E.C.) + 0.2 % sulphur was found to be effective for control of mites, thrips and white flies involved in this complex. Investigations on seasonal incidence of leaf curl complex indicated that the incidence was relatively less in early planting (November).
Author(s): Lawande, K.E.; Raijadhav, S.B.; Kale, P.N.; Choudhary, K.G.
Title: Status of chilli research in Maharashtra - a review
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 13-16.
Abstract:
In an inter-state perspective, Maharashtra follows Andhra Pradesh closely in terms of area and production of chillies. The low productivity at once can be attributed to susceptibility of high yield (H.Y.) varieties of chillies to viral diseases and the very fact that it is predominantly grown in rainfed areas with extremely inadequate irrigation infra-structure, renders itself ineffectual among various other crops grown in rainfed dry areas. Here status of chilli research m Maharashtra has been reviewed and commends itself to research community with wide ranging recommendations based on research findings - right from planting stage down to the esoteric field of remunerative prices for the primary producers.
Author(s): Deshpande, A.A.; Anand, N.
Title: Chilli breeding work at the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 17-24.
Abstract:
An overview is given on the cropping area, production and yield of chillies in three major chilli-growing states of India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra). The total Capsicum germplasm accessions at the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore is 1276, including 169 accessions of 17 different species. The results of the germplasm evaluation are tabulated, as well as line resistance of species and cultivars to diseases.
Author(s): Bavaji, J.N.; Rama Rao, Y.; Murthy, N.S.R.
Title: Varietal evaluation in hot pepper for foreign export
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 25-27.
Abstract:
The chilli (Capsicum annum L.) varieties developed at Regional Agricultural Research Station at Lam (Guntur) was evaluated along with other promising varieties developed in other states for yield, pungency and colour of pod. Eight varieties of chillies obtained under All India Coordinated Vegetable Improvement Project along with three promising lines of Lam were evaluated during 1985-86 and 1986-87. The varietal trial was laid out in randomised block design with four replications on a plot size of 6 x 3.36 m. Regular package of practices, including basal dose and top dressing of fertilizers were carefully doped and observations were recorded on plant height, number of pod/plant, pod length and girth, colour of pod, pungency and yield. Of the significant highlights of the field trials, LCA 206 gave the highest mean yield of 18.15 q/ha from the pooled data analyses of two years, followed by LCA 235. Selection 1, and K2 in that order, although the difference in terms of yield between the last three mentioned was marginal. In any case, LCA 206 stood bud and shoulder above the rest not only in terms of yield potential but also in colour and texture. Analysis of data concerning pod and plant characteristics indicated not much variation among different varieties for the former characteristics, however, in relation to the latter, there was significant difference between varieties notably in plant height To conclude, cultivation of varieties like LCA 206, LCA 235, K2 and Sel-1 could be profitably encouraged. These measure up well for exports to USA, U.K. and Canada.
Author(s): Laksmi, N.; Prakash, N.S.; Harini, I.
Title: Genetics and breeding behaviour of a male sterile mutant in Capsicum
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 28-32.
Abstract:
Male sterile mutants are interesting and useful to plant breeders since they provide a means of emasculating plants genetically. This simplifies the development of hybrids and provides a cheap and efficient method of hybrid seed production. In Capsicum, a monogenic recessive male sterile plant (ms') with genetic markers was located (Murthy and Lakshmi, 1979) for the first time in hot chillies of India. In order to test the utility of this male sterile line in breeding programmes and also to boost up the yield by heterosis breeding, different pollinator lines were selected and crosses were affected employing the male sterile line as the pistillate parent. Although, in the original mutant the male sterility is controlled by a single recessive gene, subsequent studies revealed altered genetic behaviour depending upon the genotype of the male parent used. The performance of the hybrids in F1 and F2 generation, their morphology and cytology along with estimation of heterosis was studied. Another interesting feature observed was in the progeny of 'ms' hybrids considerable number of triploids were observed revealing the fact that the 'ms' line is capable of generating unreduced gametes. All these studies bring to light, the effective participation of 'ms' line in hybridization with both indigenous and exotic varieties and its utilization in exploitation of heterosis in Capsicum.
Author(s): Hundal, J.S.; Khurana, D.S.
Title: Heterosis potential in chillies (Capsicum annum L.)
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 33-37.
Abstract:
Three F1 hybrids namely MS12 x S.27, MS41 x Albena, MS13 x S.27, yielded much higher for green fruits (555.00 to 608.65 q/ha) and red fruits (317.13 to 335.18 q/ha) yield. Hybrid (MS12 x LLS) also had comparatively higher red fruit yield (305.55 q/ha) than rest of the hybrids and parents. The higher yield is mainly due to increased fruit weight of F1 hybrid fruits. The production of commercial F1 hybrids through the utilisation of male sterility and S.27, LLS, 1535 and Albena is suggested.
Author(s): Venkateswarulu, P.
Title: Improvement of chillies through mutation breeding
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 38-44.
Abstract:
Four diverse genotypes of chilli (Capsicum annum L.) namely x 235, LCA 229, Cluster Mutant and Jwala were treated with gamma rays (10kR, 15kR, 20kR and 25kR), EMS (0.05), 0.1 %, 0.15 % and 0.2 %) and the combination of gamma rays and EMS to study the nature and magnitude of induced variability in chilli. The mutagenic treatments reduced seed germination, plant vigour, survival and pollen fertility in all the varieties in M1 generation. Greater reduction was observed with increasing dose of mutagens. Among the useful mutants recovered, the smooth pod, early bearing, die-back disease resistant mutant from 'Jwala' and the determinate early maturing mutant isolated from 'Cluster Mutant' are of economic value.
Author(s): Malla Reddy, K.; Shri Rama Chandra Murthy, N.; Chandrasagar, G.; Raghava Rao, M.
Title: Relay on cropping of chillies in maize
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 45-49.
Abstract:
A field experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh for two years to study the feasibility of growing chillies as a relay crop in maize. The treatments consisted of different combinations of planting two varieties of chillies (LCA-235 and G.4) at 20, 10 days before harvesting maize as a relay crop and local practice (planting chillies after harvesting maize). The results indicated that local maize as first crop in rainy season recorded mean yields of 36.93 q/ha and 42.56 q/ha during the years 1983-84 and 1984-85 respectively. Planting of chillies as a relay crop at 20 days before harvesting maize gave significantly higher yield (24.45 q/ha) compared with 10 days before harvesting maize (20.68 q/ha) and local practice (17.53 q/ha). The variety G.4 as a relay crop recorded significantly higher yield (21.82 q/ha) than LCA-235 (19.64 q/ha). The total net returns per hectare were maximum by growing maize + chillies as a relay crop at 20 days before harvesting maize (Rs. 23,867.78 /ha) compared to maize + local practice (Rs. 13,283.82 /ha).
Author(s): Eswara Reddy, S.
Title: Performance of Capsicum (Capsicum annum L.) cultivars at different dates of planting
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 50-51.
Abstract:
A field trial was laid out with an object to find cut best cultivar and best time of planting of Capsicum in north coastal zone of Andhra Pradesh. Cultivar G 5 gave a maximum yield of 79.71 q/ha followed by x 235 (69.03 q/ha) and x 960 (58.72 q/ha). Planting of cultivar during 3rd week of August, i.e. early in the season was found to give higher yields than planting late in the season under the conditions of North coastal Andhra Pradesh. Hence it is recommended to plant G 5 capsicum during August for realising maximum yields.
Author(s): Malla Reddy, K.; Sriramachandra Murthy, N.
Title: Effect of number of pickings on yield of chillies under irrigated conditions
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 52-53.
Abstract:
Field studies were made during 1983-84 and 1984-85 to evaluate the effect of number of pickings on the increase in yield of chillies in red sandy loam roil. Ten treatment combinations consisted two cultivars (LCA-235 and G 4) and five treatments of pickings i.e., P2 two pickings, P3 three pickings, P4 four pickings, P5 five pickings, and P6 six pickings. In 1983-84, picking chillies six times recorded significantly higher yield over other treatments except in treatment picking five times, whereas during 1984-85 picking six times gave significantly higher yield as compared to other treatments. The pooled analysis of yield data for two years also revealed the superiority of six pickings over other treatments. The yield differences between LCA-235 and G 4 were not significant in both years.
Author(s): Malla Reddy, K.; Badri Narayan Rao, M.; Sathe, A.; Venkat Reddy, P.
Title: Studies on active root distribution of chillies by employing [32P] injection technique under irrigated conditions
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 54-56.
Abstract:
A field experiment was conducted to find out the distribution of active root zone of chilli (c.v. LCA-235) in red sandy loam and black cotton soils during the years 1985-86 and 1986-87 respectively by employing 32P soil injection technique The treatments comprised of four lateral distances from the base of the plants (L.1= 5 cm, L.2 = 10 cm, L3 = 15 cm, and L.4 = 20 cm), four vertical depths from the top of the soil (V.1= 5 cm, V.2 = 10 cm, V.3 = 15 cm, and V.4 = 20 cm) and three stages of crop growth (49, 105 and 139 days after planting in red sandy loam soil, 45, 86 and 131 days after planting in black cotton soil). The results revealed that irrespective of soil type and stage of crop growth, more number of active feeding roots were found to a distance of 10 cm both lateral and vertically from the base of the plant. Hence application of phosphorus fertilizers to a lateral distance of 10 cm, and to a depth of 10 cm, from the base of the plant is useful for their better utilization by the chilli crop both in red sandy loam and black cotton soils.
Author(s): Raghava Rao, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Malla Reddy, K.
Title: Effect of starter solution, foliar sprays of micronutrients and growth regulators on growth, yield and quality of chillies under irrigated conditions
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 57-60.
Abstract:
The effect of starter solution, micronutrient spays and growth regulators on growth, yield and quality of chilli c.v. Sindhur (CA-960) w u studied under field conditions during 1978-1979. There were significant differences between starter solution and no starter solution in respect of plant spread, number of primary and secondary branches, fruit set, fruit breath, number of fruits per plant, yield and fruit colour. Among the foliar sprays, 1 % urea + 10 ppm NAA resulted in higher fruit set, more fruit length and more number of fruits per plant. However, the treatment difference for yield was not significant.
Author(s): Rama Rao, Y.; Bavaji, J.N.; Murty, N.S.R.
Title: Studies on nitrogen nutrition of chilli in relation to potassium under rainfed conditions
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 61-64.
Abstract:
A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of levels and methods of nitrogen application in relation to potassium on dry pod yield of chilli crop (cultivar G 4) under rainfed conditions in 1977-78 and 1978-79. Application of 50 kg K2O gave significantly higher pod yield over 25 kg K2O/ha. Pod yield increased significantly up to 90 kg N/ha. Application of nitrogen beyond 90 kg N/ha proved uneconomical. Application of 90 kg N/ha as 75 % soil application + 25 % foliar spray along with 50 kg K2O/ha gave the highest pod yield and resulted in maximum profit under rainfed conditions.
Author(s): Veeraraghavathatham, D.; Sundararajan, S.; Jayasankar, S.; Vadivel, E.; Shanmugavelu, K.G.
Title: Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus application and Azospirillum inoculation on chilli (Capsicum annum L.)
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 65-70.
Abstract:
Studies on the effect of nitrogen, phosphorus in the presence of Azospirillum in the chilli variety G 4 revealed that a combination of 60 kg of nitrogen, 30 kg of phosphorus and 25 kg of potash when combined with pre-treatment of the seedlings with Azospirillum culture through root dips recorded the maximum yield of 2.62 tonnes/ha of dry chillies against 1.655 tonnes in the control. The net benefit worked out to Rs. 6545 per hectare.
Author(s): Rattan, R.S.; Korla, B.N.; Dohroo, N.P.
Title: Performance of ginger varieties under Solan conditions of Himachal Pradesh
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 71-73.
Abstract:
An attempt has been made to evaluate the ginger varieties for different agronomic traits and to understand the nature of character association and possible selection criteria for improving the crop yield. Ten diverse genotypes ginger were raised in 4 x 1 m plot in a randomised block design with three replications. The observations were recorded on 10 randomly selected plants per plot for plant height, number of tillers and leaves, leaf length and breadth, rhizome length and breadth and yield per plant. In order to improve yield per plant, the analysis was clearly in the direction of greater emphasis to increase the numbers of leaves per plant and the rhizome length. The path coefficient analysis reflected amply the direct effect of leaves per plant and indirect effect of rhizome length on crop yields per plant.
Author(s): Mohanty, D.C.; Panda, B.S.
Title: Variability in rhizome yield of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) by mutagenesis and comparison of gamma-radiation and ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) in production of morphological mutants
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 74-78.
Abstract:
Ethyl methane sulfonate and gamma rays were used in two dosages to test their effectiveness in inducing mutations in Zingiber officinale (c.v. Rio-de-Janeiro). Germination educed and rate of mutation increased with increase in dose of both the chemical and physical mutagens. EMS was more effective than gamma rays in inducing both chlorophyll and morphological mutation. Both the mutagens proved to be effective in enlarging the morphological variation in a vegetatively propagated crop like ginger.
Author(s): Koda, B.N.; Rattan, R.S.; Dohroo, N.P.
Title: Production technology in ginger
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 79-83.
Abstract:
Ginger growers in Himachal Pradesh face many constraints, most important being high seed cost, non-availability of mulches in adequate quantities, infestation of rhizome rot disease and lack of adequate storage facilities. This study directs itself for providing clues to above problems with a view to improve the economy of the ginger growers. Field experiments were laid on four different aspects at the experimental farm by adopting randomized block design keeping standard (4 x 1 m) plot size with 30 x 20 cm spacing. The rowing was taken up in the first week of April. Notable among the highlights emanating from experiments: seed rhizome weighting 20-25 g brought about high yields; locally available mulch material (pine needles) alone or in combinations with FYM was good enough mulch material to cope up with inadequacy and short supply, fortnightly harvesting commencing from 3rd week of September down to the last harvest in December indicated not much effect on plant growth and rhizome development after first week of November; and finally, ginger rhizome treated with Dithane M-45 (0.25 %) and Bavistin (0.05 %), for an hour and kept in kutcha pits of finally 1 ½ x 1 ½ ' covered with soil gave minimum shrinkage and rotting, provided a lever for coping up with storage problems.
Author(s): Rama Rao, H.; Rao, D.V.R.
Title: Studies on improvement of turmeric
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 84-96.
Abstract:
As world leader in turmeric production, more than 50 turmeric types are known to exist in India. This status paper reviews the research work in the lead state of Andhra Pradesh and the neighbouring states to identify the research gaps. Taking up the gauntlet from the turmeric types found in India; a great deal of attention has been focused on the varietal improvement work; existence of wide variability in the existing cultivars of turmeric in respect of yield, yield components and quality; genetic studies on the crop, and degree of association between rhizome yield and yield components; and ultimately, research for future to close research gaps should receive the immediate attention of research community.
Author(s): Reddy, M.L.N.; Rao, D.V.R.
Title: Genetic variability and association in turmeric
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 97-99.
Abstract:
Thirteen cultures/varieties of turmeric were studied for character association, heritability, genetic coefficient of variation and genetic advance for eight quantitative characters. The variability studies revealed that the weight of root tubers, rhizome yield, crop duration, number of leaves, number of primary fingers and height of pseudostem are having high heritability along with medium genetic advance (%) estimates. Correlation studies showed that the number of leaves, number of primary fingers and period of crop duration had positive strong association with rhizome yield at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Thus for improvement of the turmeric rhizomes yields, the selection should be based on crop duration, number of leaves and number of primary fingers.
Author(s): Reddy, M.L.; Rao, A.M.; Reddy, K.A.
Title: Studies on the performance of turmeric cultures in Northern Telangana zones of Andhra Pradesh
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 100-101.
Abstract:
The study was carried out at Turmeric Sub-Centre, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jagtial, Andhra Pradesh during 1986-87 to find out the performance of different P.C.T. cultures under Northern Telangana agro-climatic conditions. The estimated fresh and cured rhizome yields per hectare and also per day was higher in Armoor variety than other cultures although curing percentage was low under Northern Telangana agro-climatic conditions. The PCT-2, a medium duration type gave significantly lower yield than Armoor, but yielded higher than other cultures with good curing percentage. Among short duration types, PCT-13 performed better than other cultures.
Author(s): Jalgaonkar, R.; Patil, M.M.; Rajput, J.C.
Title: Performance of different varieties of turmeric under Konkan conditions of Maharashtra
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 102-105.
Abstract:
Studies of different varieties of turmeric under Konkan conditions of Maharashtra State revealed that among the different varieties, Krishna produced the highest yield of 53.86 t/ha of green turmeric followed by Waigon (48.93 t/ha). Further, it was noted that the characters such as weight of primary fingers per plant (192.00 g) and average length per finger (31.32 g) were highest in Krishna, which contributed towards high yield. As regards curing percentage, Erode was found to be superior (18.70 %) among the varieties tested. However, Krishna ranked first in respect of cured produce (9.51 % t/ha) due to higher yield of green turmeric.
Author(s): Rama Rao, M.; Raghava Rao, D.V.; Reddy, K.B.
Title: Pattern of dry matter distribution in economic and non-economic sinks and harvest index in certain turmeric cultivars
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 106-108.
Abstract:
Five commercial cultivars of turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn) were evaluated to understand the pattern of dry matter accumulation in different plant parts such as rhizomes (economic sink) and different vegetative organs (non-economic sink). The trial was laid out in a randomized block design with cultivars Duggirala, Tekurpet, Mydukur, Armoor and Sugandham and replicated four times. Harvest indices were also studied. Significant variation in respect of dry matter accumulation in economic and non-economic sinks was observed in cultivars. Cultivars such as Duggirala, Tekurpet recorded higher percentages of dry matter in rhizomes i.e., economic sink which is economically important while Armoor and Sungandham recorded lower percentages. Duggirala and Tekurpet registered higher percentage in harvest index also and showed the superiority over others. Results suggest a physiological approach for evaluation of rhizome yields in turmeric.
Author(s): Ahmed Shah, H.; Vedamuthu, P.G.B.; Abdul Khader, Md.; Prakasam, V.
Title: Influence of different levels of potassium on yield and curcumin content of turmeric
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 109-113.
Abstract:
Graded doses of potassium from 0 to 180 kg/ha failed to influence the growth attributes such as plant height, number of leaves and number of tillers in turmeric. The different levels had no influence upon the number of mother and secondary rhizome also but the effect was felt on the number of primary rhizomes. The different levels of potassium influenced the curcumin content of mother as well as primary rhizomes. A dose of 60 kg/ha of K2O increased their curcumin content to significant extent.
Author(s): Valsala, P.A.; Abraham, K.; Nair, G.S.
Title: Nutritional and agronomic aspects of ginger and turmeric with reference to Kerala State - a review
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 114-120.
Author(s): Venkateswara Rao, S.; Azam, K.M.; Ahmed, K.
Title: Role of plant products and synthetic insecticides in the management of chilli pod borer Spodoptera litura F.
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 121-124.
Abstract:
Studies on the management strategies of chilli pod borer, Spodoptera litura Fabricius with the use of non-conventional and conventional insecticides were carried out at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Lam, Andhra Pradesh during 1982-83 and 1983-84. Among the neem products tested, neem kernel suspension of 3 to 5 % and neem oil suspension at 2.0 to 3 % were found to be equal to chlorpyriphos 0.5 kg a.i./ha in reducing the pod borer damage as compared to the untreated control. Among the conventional insecticides tested, decamethrin (15 g a.i./ha) followed by cypermethrin (70 g a.i./ha) were found effective in reducing the chilli pod borer damage.
Author(s): Ahmed, K.; Mohamed, G.; Murthy, N.S.R.
Title: Pest control for enhancing production and quality of chillies for export
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 125-128.
Abstract:
The quality of dry chillier exported is adversely affected in field by the incidence of pests and diseases. Trials conducted at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Lam, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh have indicated effective insecticides and acaricides for the control of pest complex of chillies. New insecticides viz., methamidophos and acephate at 0.5 kg a.i/ha against thrips and aphids and dicofol at 1 kg a.i./ha and tetradifon 0.5 kg a.i./hr against white mite were found highly effective. Pod borers were controlled by fenvalerate 0.1 kg a.i./ha, methamidophos and acephate at 0.5 kg a.i./ha.
Author(s): Mathew, MaicyKutty P.; Nybe, E.V.; Vilasini, T.N.; Valsala, P.A.; Abraham, K.
Title: Control of rhizome scale of ginger (Aspidiella hartii)
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 129-131.
Abstract:
Studies conducted at the CPCRI, Kasaragod during 1980-81 revealed that guinalphos at 0.1 % could effectively control the scales during the period of storage whereas monocrotophos at 0.05 % could only bring down the population without complete eradication. The present study showed that quinalphos even at 0.025 % is sufficient. The study also shows that among the new chemicals tried here, fenthion was also found effective in controlling the scale insect of ginger.
Author(s): Rao, V.S.; Reddy, P.S.
Title: The rhizome fly, Calobata albimana Marcq. A major production constraint in turmeric and its control
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 132-135.
Abstract:
Field experiments were conducted on the cultivator's holdings for three years during 1979-1980, 1980-1981 and 1981-82 to evaluate the effect of insecticides on turmeric rhizome fly maggot. Results of these studies revealed that the foliar insecticides were of no avail against the pest. Application of carbofuran granules by pocketing at 1,5 kg a.i./ha two or three times at 75, 105 and 135 DAS was effective compared to disulfoton and aldicarb granules and recorded significant higher weight turmeric yields.
Author(s): Sreehari Rao, K.; Sreeramachandra Murthy, N.
Title: Disease control for yield and quality of chillies
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 136-140.
Abstract:
In Andhra Pradesh, chilli crop is mainly affected with four major diseases viz., bacterial leaf spot (Xanthomonas campestris P.V. vesicatoria), fruit rot (Colletotrichum capsici), powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica) and cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora capsici), causing enormous loss in yield and quality of chillies. Experiments conducted at the Regional Agricultural Station, Lam, Guntur, to combat these diseases yielded very useful results. A combined spray of either Paushamycin or Plantomycin (200 ppm) + copper oxychloride (0.3 %) against bacterial leaf spot disease, Captan 0.15 % followed by Dithane M-45 (0.25 %) and Difolatan (0.2 %) against fruit rot, and Karathane (0.1 %) followed by Sulfex (0.25 %) against powdery mildew have been found very effective. The pre-harvest fungicidal sprayings have been found not only to minimise the losses due to fruit rot disease but also to improve the quality. By adopting timely and effective control measures increased yields with high quality chillies were obtained.
Author(s): Perane, R.R.; Joi, M.B.
Title: Evaluation different seed dressers, fungicides and their combinations against fruit rot and die back of chilli
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 141-143.
Abstract:
A field experiment with two seed dressers and four fungicides alone and in combination was tried for the control of fruit rot and dieback of chilli. The combination treatments of seed treatment with Bavistin (Carbendazim) 0.2 % or Thiram (TMTD) 0.2 % followed by sprays of Dithane M-45 (Mancozeb) 0.25 %, or Bavistin (Carbendazim) 0.1 % were found to be most effective in reducing the incidence of fruit rot and die-back of chilli and thereby increasing the yield.
Author(s): Hirdyapal, S.K.; Singh, J.
Title: Assessment of resistance to Colletotrichum capsici (Syd.) in chilli varieties
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 144-148.
Abstract:
Studies were undertaken for the assessment of resistance in different varieties. F1 and F2 populations of chillies against anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum capsici (Syd.) Butler & Bisby under field conditions and by pin prick method on detached fruits under controlled conditions. The disease was scored on the basis of 0-4 scale. Among the 15 varieties of chilli screened under field conditions against fruit rot, the varieties Pusa Jwala, Hatvani-11, Laichi, LLS, S.20-1, Shakoti and Jullundhuri were considered as susceptible varieties whereas the varieties BG-1, Perennial and Lorai were considered as resistant varieties. The varieties Punjablal and Tiwari were grouped as moderately resistant varieties. In scoring the spread of infection on fruits, the minimum scores of infection (0 and 1) were predominant in resistant varieties Lorai and Perennial and the maximum scores of infection were predominant on susceptible varieties Pusa Jwala and Hatvani-11. The varieties Punjablal, Tiwari and Jullundhuri showed intermediate reaction. Three varieties viz., BG-1, Lorai and Perennial were recorded resistant in the pinprick method under controlled conditions. In all F1 plants of different crosses the maximum scores of infection (3 and 4) were dominant. A wide variation in the disease reaction of F2 progenies was observed in the range of 0-4 in different crosses.
Author(s): Sadanandan, A.K.; Raju, C.A.; Anandaraj, M.
Title: Effects of cultural practices and organic amendments on the incidence of soft rot of ginger
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 149-152.
Abstract:
A field investigation was carried out during 1983-84 in split-plot design with cultural practices (viz. burning the surface soil, non-burning, early and late planting of ginger) in the main plots, and application of organic amendments (viz., farm-yard manure and neem cake), metacid and control in the sub-plots, and four fungicides in the sub-sub-plots, with c.v. Maran ginger as the test crop. Changes in the soil pH during important phases of crop growth, germination, incidence of soft-rot and yield response were studied. Data showed that by burning the surface soil and application of organic amendments, soil pH, Bray-P, available potassium and calcium, increased significantly compared to non-burnt plots. Burning the surface soil prior to planting ginger, and advancing the date of planting together with the use of metacid and dithane M-45 or Bordeaux mixture gave higher germination, lower soft-rot incidence and higher yields of ginger.
Author(s): Dohroo, N.P.; Korla, H.N.; Rattan, R.S.
Title: Effect of chemical seed treatments on pre-emergence rot of ginger
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 153-155.
Abstract:
In Himachal Pradesh, 40 % losses occur every year in ginger due to pre-emergence rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schl. The chemical control experiments were conducted for two consecutive years, 1986 and 1987, consisting each of nine treatments replicated four times. The results revealed Bavistin, Dithane M-45 plus Bavistin and Bavistin plus Dithane M-45 were significantly better than the rest of the treatments in controlling the disease during both years. Taking cost of chemicals into consideration, pre-sowing treatment of Bavistin (0.1 %) for one hour an be recommended to the farmers for the control of pre-emergence rot due to Fusarium oxysporum.
Author(s): Abraham, K.; Valsala, P.A.; Mathew, Maicykutty P.; Cheeran, A.
Title: Management of soft rot disease of ginger
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 156-159.
Abstract:
A field experiment was carried out to manage soft rot of ginger in two seasons in split design with two major treatments viz. (1) application of organic and inorganic manure in 50:50 proportion, (2) organic manure alone, and five sub-plot treatments viz. Captaf 5G (@ 50 kg/ha), Captafol 5G (@50 kg/ha), Dithane M-45 (0.3 %), chestnut compound and control. The results revealed that maximum germination percentage was observed in plots receiving Captaf 5G treatment. However, the minimum post emergence rot, less partial infected rhizome and maximum yield of ginger were obtained from plots treated with Dithane M-45.
Author(s): Abraham, K.; Valsala, P.A.; Mathew, Maicykutty P.; Cheeran, A.
Title: Effect of seed treatment on the soft rot disease of ginger
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 160-161.
Abstract:
An experiment was laid out in randomized block design to study the effect of seed treatment for the control of the soft rot of ginger in early stages of the crop. The treatments included Captaf (0.2 %) a.i, Captafol (0.2 %) a.i., Dithane M-45 (0.3 %) and hot water treatment at 42 °C for 30 minutes. The results revealed more germination percentage with Captafol treatment. The disease incidence in the field one month after germination was also very less in the above treatment compared to others.
Author(s): Rao, P.S.; Rao, T.G.N.
Title: Diseases of turmeric in Andhra Pradesh
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 162-167.
Abstract:
Today Andhra Pradesh ranks first both in area and production. Even though the states average yield (4.6 t/ha) of turmeric is one of the highest among the turmeric growing states, yet there is a marked scope to improve the yield by reducing the losses due to pests and diseases. Foliar diseases (leaf spot and leaf blotch) are important and the present chemical control measures standardised and popularised will reduce the crop losses. Rhizome rot of turmeric is the most serious disease, in our state, which is not yet amenable to any control measures. In Rayalaseema and delta areas, the etiology of rhizome rot is known. There is an urgent need to establish this in the Telangana region. Once the etiology is established, the first priority is to screen the available germplasm of Andhra Pradesh and NRCS to identify cultivars with multiple resistance to foliar and rhizome rot diseases. However, immediate steps should be taken to standardise the effective the effective seed treatment and cultural practices that suppress or reduce the disease incidence. Later on systematic studies on the role of soil amendments, both organic and inorganic, the intercrop and the sequence of crop rotation on the disease incidence are warranted. Thus an integrated approach involving disease resistance, biological and chemical methods to check the maladies are envisaged in the future programme.
Author(s): Prakasam, V.; Vedamuthu, P.G.B.; Khader, Md.A.; Jeyarajan, P.
Title: Salient features of work done in the management of diseases of turmeric and chillies at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 168-182.
Author(s): Govinda Reddy, R.G.; Murthy, N.S.
Title: Quality aspects of some important chilli varieties and promising lines
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 183-189.
Abstract:
Chilli is an indispensable condiment in Indian foods. Its pungency "capsaicin" and colouring matter "capsinoids" are gaining importance in processed foods. These two are chief chemical constituents of chilli fruit, which are responsible for chilli export all over the world. The pungent principle of chilli "capsaicin" is not only a digestive stimulant and preventive for heart diseases but also a curative for many rheumatic troubles. The colouring matter and oleoresin content are particularly important for food and spice industries. The green chilli fruits are valuable on account of their richness in ascorbic acid and capsaicin content. The present communication describes the ascorbic acid, dry matter, oleoresin, colouring matter, capsaicin and crude fibre contents in case of different chilli varieties tested under All India Coordinated Vegetable Improvement Project. Among the different varieties for pungency i.e., capsaicin content, the African types are found to be high in capsaicin content. The k-2 and Co-2 varieties are rich in colouring matter. This information will be useful for chilli growers, food technologists, plant breeders and chilli based manufacturing units.
Author(s): Narayanan, C.S.
Title: Processing and quality of ginger, turmeric and chillies
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 190-193.
Abstract:
Some aspects of quality maintenance during processing of ginger, turmeric and chillies have been examined as the export potential of these spices is considerable. The Regional Research Laboratory of the CSIR at Trivandrum has standardised several processes of the spices under consideration, which not only satisfy the varied internal demand but also measure up to certain set of stiff specification needed for accelerating exports. Since these spices are extensively used in foods and drugs, it is natural, the processing units need to conform to highest order of quality and purity. In addition, there is ample scope for developing wide ranging final products from oleoresin in India rather than simply exporting oleoresin itself. There is also scope for developing aqua resins and water-soluble colours of colouring pigments of turmeric and chillies.
Author(s): Shankaranarayan, M.L.; Abraham, K.O.; Shankaracharya, N.B.
Title: Processing and quality control of ginger and its products
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 194-199.
Abstract:
Ginger is the rhizome of the perennial plant Zingiber officinale Rosc.. The production of ginger in India during 1985-86 was estimated at 1,33,860 tonnes. The harvesting of ginger differs according to its end use, which maybe as fresh, dried, or as products like preserves, candies, oleoresin, encapsulated, etc. the aroma of ginger is due to the volatile oil while pungency is due to the non-volatile constituents like gingerol, shogaol and related compounds. This paper describes the processing and quality control aspects and the preparation of various ginger products.
Author(s): Pawar, H.K.; Patil, B.R.
Title: Studies on some quality aspects of ginger as influenced by manuring and time of harvesting
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 200-206.
Abstract:
The studies on the influence of application of NPK through farmyard manure and time of harvesting on quality and yield of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) was conducted during 1979-1980 at Mahatma Phule Agricultural University, Rahiri. The volatile oil content was not influenced due to manuring. Application of NPK either through farmyard manure or fertilization increased the pH of ginger pulp during one year. Yield of green ginger was more when NPK was applied through 20 t farmyard manure per hectare and 125 kg N + 40 kg P2O5 + 80 kg K2O /ha through fertilizers. Harvesting of ginger after 9 month was better for maximum volatile oil content. The pH of ginger pulp was higher when it was harvested at 8 and 15 month during first year and 8 month during second year. Harvesting at 8 month gave maximum green ginger yield; it was on par with harvesting from 6 to 10 month after planting.
Author(s): Sampathu, S.R.; Krishnamurthy, N.; Sowbhagya, H.B.; Shankaranarayan, M.L.
Title: Processing aspects of turmeric
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 207-208.
Abstract:
Turmeric is valued as a spice and colorant. The quality of dried turmeric obtained by three different methods, viz. water cooking and traditional processing have been evaluated. These studies have revealed that cooking considerably reduces the drying period and there seems to be not much variation in respect of drying characteristics, colour and oleoresin contents among the three curing methods. Colour retention was better in the mechanically dried uncooked slices than the conventionally cooked and sun-dried fingers. Turmeric powder and oleoresin are well known products made from turmeric. It is also an important constituent in curry powder formulations. Turmeric powder can be stored in laminate pouches of cello/poly or metallised polyester/poly or paper/foil/poly for a period of one year. For short-term storage of about 90 days, 200-gauge polypropylene or high-density polyethylene can be used. The keeping quality of turmeric powder can be enhanced by fumigation and storing in an insect free place. There is a growing interest in water soluble, bland and stabilised colorants made from turmeric. The turmeric oil, which has got limited application in food industry, appears to have a future when it is chemically converted to useful flavouring material.
This paper was also published in: Sampathu, S.R.; Krishnamurthy, N.; Sowbhagya, H.B.; Sankaranarayana, M.L., Processing aspects of turmeric, Spice India 3(4) 1990, 14-15.
Author(s): Thomas, K.G.; Velappan, E.
Title: Prospects for production of ginger, turmeric and chillies
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 209-213.
Abstract:
Ginger, turmeric and chillies, most widely cultivated spices in India are very important commodities with respect to only to 6 % of their production, the foreign exchange earned is of the order of Rs. 25-30 cores per annum. India is one of the major suppliers of these commodities in the international market. The production of ginger, turmeric and chillies have gone up in the recent years and registered growth rates of 10 %, 8 % and 7 % per annum, respectively. According to latest available statistics about 1.30 lakh tonnes of turmeric and 7.09 lakh tonnes of chillies are produced annually in the country. Innumerable varieties of these species, which vary in their qualitative characteristics, are grown in the different parts of the country. Improved varieties available are very few and they are yet to be popularised. The cultivation practices and processing techniques followed are mostly traditional. All these factors contribute to low productivity and wide yield gap between those obtained at the research stations and farmers fields. The scope for increasing the production and productivity of ginger, turmeric and chillies are tremendous considering the present production potential and consumption rate. The demand for these spices may go up substantially and it is therefore necessary to enhance the production and productivity of these crops through an integrated approach.
Author(s): Lakshmanachar, M.S.; Velappan, E.
Title: Marketing of chillies, ginger and turmeric in India
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 215-220.
Abstract:
Among the spics exported from India, pepper and cardamom occupy the prime places and next in the order of importance are turmeric, ginger and chillies. The total foreign exchange earned by the export of turmeric, ginger and chillies during the year 1984-1985 comes to about 25 % of the total earnings from spices export. An attempt has been made in this paper to highlight the broad aspects of marketing chillies, ginger and turmeric. The pattern of marketing system for these crops follow almost the same marketing channels from farmers to wholesalers. The functionaries involved in marketing of these crops are in general village merchants/itinerant merchants/regulated markets and co-operative marketing societies/commission agents and wholesale merchants. Regulated markets and co-operative marketing societies transact, on the whole a negligible percentage of available marketable surpluses. Although many varieties of each crop are known, only a few are recognised in the trade from the point of their importance in the internal trade and exports. As these crops are in demand throughout the year they are not stored for along time. Moreover, they are susceptible to insect infestation. These crops when stored, in particular in scientific god owns of State and Central Warehouse Corporations are well taken care of by proper prophylactic measures.
Author(s): Shenoy, J.R.; Velappan, E.
Title: Impact of price fluctuations on the production of ginger, turmeric and chillies
In: Satyanarayana, G.; Sugunakar Reddy, M.; Rama Rao, M.; Azam, K.M. and Naidu, R.: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Hyderabad: Spices Board, Cochin and Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, 1988, p. 221-226.
Abstract:
Even though the production and consumption of ginger, turmeric and chillies have gone up considerably in the recent years, it was not a steady increase. There was wide fluctuation in the prices from season to season and so also wide fluctuation in the production. This situation makes the cultivators uncertain about their returns, which leads to the neglect of the crop. In the present paper an attempt is made to examine the impact of price fluctuations on the production of these crops. The price and production data of the past 15 years from 1971-72 to 1985-86 are considered. The fluctuation in the prices and the production are illustrated and the coefficient of correlation between prices and production worked out. The study reveals a significant positive correlation between the price and production in case of all the three crops viz., ginger, turmeric and chillies. The coefficient of correlation was found to be + 0.77 in the case of ginger, + 0.64 in the case of turmeric and + 0.53 in the case of chillies. These being annual crops the increase in prices have immediate effect on the production. When the prices starts to increase the farmers put more area under the crop and adopt better farming practices resulting in increase in production. This occasionally leads to gluts in the market and slump in prices. The wide fluctuation in the production has to be checked by keeping the prices at reasonable remunerative levels. During the glut period the prices have to be maintained through market intervention. This will create confidence in the farmers and encourage them to take up regular cultivation of these crops leading to a steady growth in production.
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